The Greater Cairo Region (GCR) is considered by Statista (2021) as the twelfth urban agglomeration in the world with a population of 21 million. According to Aqarmap, there are around 800 gated communities in the GCR with around 20,000 listings currently for sale. A hedonic regression model is used to determine the factors affecting the listing prices of these apartments. Factors such as unit size, finish, views, floor height, community amenities, distance to highway interchanges, shopping centers, sales terms, developer reputation and proximity to poor residential areas are included. The model R2 is .63. Controlling for location and sale date, results show that list price most affected by unit size, level of finish, and cash sales terms. We believe this is the first housing regression model focusing on Cairo.

Nigeria, like many other developing countries, faces significant challenges in providing affordable housing for its citizens, particularly in major cities experiencing population growth and urbanization. This study focuses on assessing the feasibility of implementing the Community Land Trust (CLT) model to address this pressing issue. Through a comprehensive review of literature and responses from thirty-one stakeholder interviewed, the study examines the success of CLTs in other countries, identifies opportunities and challenges associated with implementing CLTs in Nigeria, and explores potential partnerships among the government, private sector, and community organizations. Furthermore, the study evaluates the potential impact of integrating CLTs into Nigeria's housing policy, aiming to enhance the provision of affordable housing and improve the quality of life for low-income families. The study concludes that adopting the CLT model into Nigeria's housing policy holds promise as a sustainable solution for affordable housing provision and has significant implications for policy and practice in the affordable housing sector, not only in Nigeria but also in other developing countries confronting similar challenges.

This paper aims to answer why affordable housing programmes implemented to assist low-income earners in selected countries (Burundi, Ethiopia, and South Africa) have not benefited low-income earners from owning housing in these programmes. The paper used a mixed research approach in data collection and analysis. The desk review, questionnaire, key informant interview (KII), and observation were used to collect primary and secondary data. Content and descriptive statistics were applied to analyse data. The findings show apart from South Africa where low-income earners can afford a house in affordable housing programmes, Burundi and Ethiopia programmes have served civil servants who are not low-income earners. Generally, Civil servants belong to medium- and high-income earners and can finance their housing using private financing. Public programmes for affordable housing have been benefiting those who were not in urgent need of housing. This has left low-income earners to live in horrible and miserable houses. The paper recommends that developing countries should well-define and determine who is low-income and prioritize low-income earners in public affordable housing programmes.

Housing has been considered as one of the basic needs of households. However, statistics indicate that households in Ghana are experiencing acute housing problems. The study sought to investigate the activities of four main stakeholders of households, mortgage institutions, estate developers and Government land sector agencies, in the housing industry to present sustainable recommendations to mitigate the problems. The principle of Demand and Supply, housing affordability theories and literature on housing in Ghana formed the basis of the literature review.

The case study methodology was adopted, and the New Juaben Municipality of Ghana was used as the study area. Data from face-to-face interviews, focus group discussions and documents (secondary data) were analyzed to identify the findings of the study. It was realized that the prices of houses were high, households’ incomes were low, financial institutions experienced high interest and foreign exchange rate risks. Furthermore, there were unavailability and high cost of land and building materials whilst land title registration services were partially automated.

It was therefore recommended that houses should be supplied with varying prices, employers should subsidize prices of houses for households, foreign exchange and policy rates should be stabilized. Furthermore, developers should have land banks and use locally produced quality building materials and the government fully automate the land registration services.

The focus of this study is to analyze the problems that are related with genuine property development finance in Nigeria. The study endeavors to investigate the different wellsprings of finance that are accessible for genuine property development with the end goal of deciding the problems that hamper successful progression of asset. To accomplish this, some estate reviewing and valuation firms in Abuja that participate in genuine property development, a few financial foundations that store property development and a few designers were inspected using polls to recognize a portion of the problems that defy land development with regards to fundings. Straightforward enlightening factual strategies were utilized for the examination and show of the information. The study shows plainly those problems going from exorbitant loan costs to that of the various necessities from candidates for loan, which by and large they see as challenging to meet, bothered the supporting of genuine properties in Nigeria. Furthermore, the inflationary rate in the nation additionally adds to the problems of supporting genuine property development in Nigeria. It suggested among others that the Nigerian government ought to attempt to take care of its monetary problems, for example, expansion to limit the problems that plague the funding of land development.

Purpose: The core problem of this study is that there is insufficient accommodation for primary school teachers in Gaborone. The purpose of this study is therefore to assess the factors influencing insufficient accommodation of primary school teachers in Gaborone, Botswana.

Methodology: The objectives of this study were: to identify factors influencing insufficient accommodation for primary school teachers in Gaborone; to analyse how the identified factors, impact insufficient accommodation for primary school teachers in Gaborone; to determine why primary school teachers are not utilizing government initiatives such as Self Help Housing Agency and Government Employees Motor Vehicle and Residential Property Advance Scheme (GEMVAS) for housing provision and to come up with solutions that can be used by the government to provide adequate housing to civil servants in Gaborone. In order to achieve these objectives, both primary and secondary sources of data were used. The primary sources of data include 1,603 primary school teachers of various levels in the teaching profession in Gaborone. The primary data was collected by distribution of questionnaires to 141 randomly selected teachers while secondary data was collected from journal articles, books, and reports. Quantitative research method approach was utilized where the attained quantitative data was analyzed statistically by use of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software and Microsoft Excel to ease interpretation and understanding of the study. The demographic data of respondents was presented using frequency distribution, and the rest of the data collected was analysed using SPSS.

Findings: The findings of the study reveal that variables that affect insufficient accommodation to primary school teachers in Gaborone include high cost of rent, poor infrastructure provided by government, lack of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in housing provision, poor planning and maintenance of existing buildings, over reliance on government to provide housing as well as lack of adequate housing units on site. The factors that highly had an impact on insufficient accommodation provision are human factors, followed by financial factors, institutional factors, and physical factors. A model was developed that would enhance provision of sufficient housing to primary school teachers was developed in the study.

Significance of the study: This study makes a significant impact in filling the gaps in the existing knowledge of teachers’ accommodation. This has been done through conducting intensive research of factors influencing insufficient accommodation for primary school teachers. Furthermore, the study has provided recommendations as to how the stated factors could be mitigated so as to establish adequate accommodation to primary school teachers. The local government will gain strategic insights on how to best provide accommodation to primary school teachers despite the various factors affecting their involvement in housing provision to key workers.

Research implications: The implications of this study are that it may encourage the government departments such as the Department of Housing and Department of Town and Country Planning to formally recognize the need for teacher’s housing. Formally recognizing this sector will result in enhanced participation of private developers also hence having the ability to generate monetary funds. This study improves the existing body of knowledge primarily regarding teachers’ housing. It paves way for further research to be undertaken on teacher’s housing as an investment, the potential risks and benefits of this type of investment asset with particular emphasis to Botswana.

The core problem of this study is that there is insufficient accommodation for primary school teachers in Gaborone. Once this Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is not fulfilled, the affected is insecure. Short of accommodation can affect the performance of learners as the productivity of teachers is at its lowest ebb. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors influencing insufficient accommodation for primary school teachers in Gaborone, Botswana. In order to achieve these objectives, both primary and secondary sources of data were used. The primary sources of data includes 1,603 primary school teachers of various levels in the teaching profession in Gaborone. The primary data was collected by randomly distribution of questionnaires to 141 teachers at 90% confidence level. Secondary data was collected from journal articles, books, and reports. The findings of the study reveal that variables that affect insufficient accommodation to primary school teachers in Gaborone include high cost of rent, poor infrastructure provided by government, lack of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in housing provision, poor planning and maintenance of existing buildings, over reliance on government to provide housing as well as lack of adequate housing units on site. The factors that highly had an impact on insufficient accommodation provision are human factors, followed by financial factors, institutional factors, and physical factors.

Purpose: In recent years, technology has revolutionized the field of education, offering new opportunities for learning and knowledge acquisition. One such advancement is e-learning, which refers to the use of electronic technologies to deliver educational content and facilitate remote learning experiences. Despite the potential benefits it offers, such as enhanced engagement, interactive learning experiences, and access to a wealth of resources, there seems to be a gap in the adoption and utilization of e-learning tools and platforms by Built Environment students in the University of Botswana. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the factors that affect full adoption of e-learning by built environment students in the University of Botswana. The core research problem is that e-learning has not been fully adopted by built environment students in the University.

Methodology: Data for this study was collected using both primary and secondary sources. Primary source of data for this study was randomly obtained from 150 built environment students from the University of Botswana, Gaborone which was collected using a questionnaire. Secondary sources of data was collected from books, reports and journal articles using the University of Botswana online databases. From the total population of 361 built environment students, a sample size of 150 was determined using a 90% confidence interval with standard error of 10%. This sample size was deemed sufficient to draw meaningful conclusions using probability sampling techniques. The statistical tool employed to analyze the factors that affect the full adoption of e-learning amongst built environment students at the University of Botswana was multiple regression analysis. This technique allowed for the examination of the relationships between various factors and the adoption of e-learning. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel software packages were used to analyze the data which facilitated the organization, manipulation, and interpretation of the results. Various charts were also generated to visually represent the results, enhancing the clarity and comprehension of the findings.

Findings: The study revealed that the factors that cause the lack of full e-learning adoption by built environment students were technological factors (poor internet connectivity), pedagogical factor (different learning styles) and the institutional factor (inadequate student training). The factors that highly had an impact on studentsâ€TM adoption of e- learning were the pedagogical and technological factors. Relevant solutions proposed to address the causes of lack of full adoption of e-learning included incorporating and using different learning styles and having regular e-learning training sessions for students so as to foster the full adoption of e-learning by built environment students in the University of Botswana.

Value of the study: This study is important in that it delivers knowledge on the areas that have not yet been addressed in the existing study of e-learning. This has been achieved through conducting an intensive research on the factors that affect the full adoption of e-learning in the University of Botswana, built environment students. Furthermore, it provides recommendations on how the factors that affect e-learning in the students can be mitigated in order to pave way for full e-learning adoption by the built environment students in the University of Botswana. Henceforth, the study is significant in that it provide the relevant authorities with the necessary information which will assist in decision making and necessary reforms.

The paper evaluates the practice of compensation valuation in Nigeria in the context of statutory provision and existing Nigerian Valuation standard with a view to determining if the valuation represents a fair and adequate compensation. The study reviewed existing rates in line with economic realities. Case study valuations were undertaken to demonstrate the adequacy or inadequacy of the existing practice.

Findings from the study indicate that the existing valuation practice represents an undervaluation of affected assets, which could lead to dissatisfaction by project affected.persons. The practical implication of this is that it could lead to disturbance and delay in project implementation. The study recommends a review of existing statutes and correct application of valuation standard as contained in the statutes and the provisions of the new Nigerian Valuation standard with regard to compensation to enhance fairness in compensation valuation.

Public urban land management has been a challenge in developing countries despite efforts engaged by governments and development partners. Taking Burundi's case study, this paper identified shortfalls observed in public urban land management for developing countries. A qualitative research approach in data collection and analysis was applied. The desk review of different reports and policy documents was used and interviews with local leaders and influential people were conducted in the case study to collect participants' views and perceptions. Furthermore, a Key Informants Interview (KII) with high-rank authorities was prepared to confirm the interview and desk review findings. Then, data were analysed through the content analysis technique. The findings revealed that four shortfalls in public urban lands management include the legacies of colonialism in ownership of and access to land and politicisation of land management; the existence of a hidden hand in all land deals; laissez-faire in land management by top leaders to create a chaotic situation in land management; and lack of partnership between public and private partners in land management. The paper recommends that the Government of Burundi collaborate with stakeholders to afford the application of new approaches and technologies in public urban lands management.

A good land administration system is strategic to the development of a state. It should meet the needs of people and successfully manage land and its resources sustainably. This has however, not been the case with a lot of states in Nigeria. Kaduna State’s land administration system has gone through reforms over the years. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of the land administration system in Kaduna state. The research is carried out with the use of questionnaires and complimented with personal interviews of land administration officials, industry professionals and landowners. Data is analyzed using frequency distribution and weighted mean score. In Kaduna State, all lands are registered by the Kaduna State Geographic Information Service (KADGIS). This study reveals that it can take less than six (6) months to obtain title documents. The biggest challenge of the land administration system remains a cloggy bureaucracy. It is recommended that enhancing best practice will require the enforcement of laws and policies of land administration to consolidate on the gains made in the ongoing reforms.

Real estate valuations, especially the case of mass valuation where statistical analysis methods are applied. New methods of determination of real estate value should be explored. Artificial omputerizat provides an alternative for the omputer applied method of multiple linear regressions. The omputerization of real estate values has been in existence since the 2000s with the consideration of various artificial intelligence techniques which include Artificial Neural Network, fuzzy logic, generic algorithm, and expert system. Since most properties comprise of both physical and economic characteristics which renders the conventional valuation methods cumbersome. In order to counter these challenges, soft computing techniques with higher data handling capabilities maybe an optimum choice.

Sustainability is increasingly gaining importance across the globe among investors, regulators, banks, governments, and various other stakeholders. The impact of different elements of sustainability such as corporate governance have also been studied extensively. Ametefe et al. (2023) identified two major strands of literature which consider the benefits of incorporating sustainable investment considerations in the investment decision of real estate firms. One strand looks at how sustainable investment practices impact the operating cost and profitability of real estate firms while a second strand looks at how ESG factors impact market fundamentals such as stock prices, return on asset, return on equity etc. Many of these studies however take a view that there is a uni-directional relationship between sustainable investment and real estate firm performance. The objective of this study is however to analyse the dynamic interrelationship between sustainable investment and the performance of real estate firms. The present study employs the ESG framework which evaluates a firm’s sustainable investment practices using the three pillars of environmental, social and governance sustainability. We make use of the Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) approach to testing Granger Causality which can be applied to a panel dataset. This test helps to determine if there is any, uni-directional or bi- directional relationship between real estate firm performance and the different elements of sustainability. The main focus of this paper is on listed real estate firms in South Africa, both REITs and non-REITs. The real estate market in market in developing countries have not been adequately represented in studies on this topic. For completeness however, we will include all firms listed on the JSE for which Bloomberg provides ESG data. Our analysis would be carried out on the overall ESG scores as well as specific ESG pillars i.e., Environmental, Social and Governance sustainability indicators. To determine how ESG scores vary between REITs and non-REITs, and also among the different industries and sectors, we will employ two tests, the Kruskal and Wallis (1952) test for K-independent samples and the Cuzick and Edwards (1990) test. These tests have been widely used to assess possible differences across independent samples (Wasiuzzaman et al., 2022).

Property taxes, notably land rent, are crucial revenue sources particularly in third-world countries. Land rent is determined by factors like location and market forces and is governed in Kenya by the Land Act No. 6 of 2012. Manual valuation methods have led to inconsistencies, inefficiencies, and corruption. Many countries have adopted the Automated Valuation System (AVS), which lowers costs, enhances efficiency, ensures transparency, and boosts revenue collection. However, the adoption of AVS in developing nations remains largely uncharted in literature. The study seeks to fill this gap by scrutinizing various Automated Valuation Models (AVMs) for land rent taxation in Nairobi City County using data from the years 2020 to 2023. These datasets l existing land rents, property values, zoning ordinances, and public facilities’ locations. The research will use a case study of Nairobi City County, utilizing a cross-sectional quantitative research design and stratified random sampling considering the 20 zones in Nairobi as strata. The study will employ tools like ArcGIS Pro and R Statistic, the research will utilize techniques from multiple regression to Artificial Neural Networks to create prediction models for land rent. After assessing each model's accuracy, the most effective will be recommended for Kenya's use.

Governments of several countries adopted land reform as a tool to promote equitable land distribution. Whilst this is a welcome development, making the highest and best use of the land by beneficiaries is a matter of concern. Previous studies found nonchalance and improper utilisation of landed property assets among beneficiaries. Thus, this study aimed to analyse the social implications and land management strategies of the PLAS beneficiaries in Mahikeng, South Africa. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically using Atlas-ti software (version 22). Findings from the interviews confirmed that beneficiaries were acquiring farming skills, taking permissions from the Department before improving the farm's infrastructure, assessing the farm's reproductive value, piping the farm, maintaining the infrastructure, and making boreholes and dams. It was concluded that the social implications of PLAS in Mahikeng municipality included averting social unrest, promoting equity, alleviating hunger, contributing to the food chain and enterprise development, and facilitating practical training. Accordingly, the study recommends that the Department of Rural Development and Lands monitor and evaluate the land redistribution process to ensure that it meets its goals and objectives and identifies any challenges or areas for improvement.

This study is aimed at investigating the non-economic factors that affect land affordability, particularly in developing countries. To examine these factors, data was collected from 333 and 95 individuals who own residential plots at Redemption City and Ikosi Residential Scheme respectively. The findings of the study showed that different non- economic factors played a significant role in each of the two areas. In Redemption City, the important non-economic criteria included safety, comfort, quality management, proximity to markets, public transportation, and healthcare. On the other hand, the non-economic factors that were found to be significant in Ikosi Residential Scheme were proximity to public transportation, safety and comfort, a lack of environmental problems, and income levels. Overall, this study sheds light on the importance of considering non-economic factors when it comes to land affordability, particularly in developing countries. By doing so, private and public partnerships can be encouraged to work together to reduce the housing deficit in these areas. Additionally, the findings of the study can inform the formulation and revision of land policies that would benefit not only specific groups but all members of the community.

Poultry waste managementis multidimensional and involves public health, waste management, utilization of fertilizing value, and fuel and energy production issues. The poultry industry in FCT Abuja, Nigeria, faces significant challenges in managing the large quantities of organic waste generated, which can have detrimental effects on the environment and public health if not properly handled. This thesis explores the potential of biodigester and biogas production as a sustainable and efficient technology for poultry waste management in FCT Abuja, Nigeria. The study aims to assess the feasibility, economic viability, benefits, and limitations of biodigester and biogas technology in managing poultry waste, providing valuable insights for policymakers, poultry farmers, and environmental stakeholders.

The intent of the study is also to show that the chicken waste used as feed material to produce biogas can tap additional energy from the otherwise wasted energy and make the poultry industry co-exist with the environment of the neighbours. This research will identify and evaluate the economic feasibility of producing biogas from poultry waste. The research is of particular interest to the poultry farmers and to Waru community of Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, Nigeria, as the people are becoming very conscious of the environmental impact due to pollution. This will also solve the crisis of offensive smell emanating from the poultry farm, causing disputes between the poultry farmer and the host Waru Community.

Namibia is in the midst of a housing crisis: A significant shortage of adequate and affordable housing is posing great challenges for the country and its population. The government has long recognized the severity of the situation, yet despite its efforts to address the housing needs of its citizens, supply has not been able to keep pace with the growing demand.

In light of this, cross-sector collaborations have been gaining prominence as viable alternative delivery mechanisms as opposed to the more traditional, government-led provision of housing. By leveraging the unique expertise, resources, and knowledge of each stakeholder group, such collaborative ventures aim to create more inclusive, sustainable, and people-centered housing solutions. Cross-sector collaborations, however, are complex endeavors and should not be regarded as an easy answer to challenging public issues.

Drawing upon a comprehensive review of existing collaboration literature, we propose a framework for understanding the dynamics and intricacies of cross-sector collaborations in Namibia’s affordable housing sector, including drivers and initial conditions, processes and structures, as well as outcomes and constraints. Expert interviews are used to refine the proposed framework and to inform strategies for cross-sector collaborations aiming to increase the availability of adequate and affordable housing in Namibia.

Although Customary Land Secretariats (CLSs) in Ghana have been in existence for two decades, research on the institution has remained for a long time an unchartered territory except for periodic works by students. As a result, not much is known about the innovations some CLSs have employed to improve on land governance at the customary level in Ghana.

This work reviewed the entire working processes of 18 high performing Customary Land Secretariats selected from both Stool and family land areas in rural and urban Ghana to identify and explain how these Secretariats are operating within the ambit of the Land Act 2020, Act 1036 to improve efficiency of land management in terms of streamlining Customary Land Administration, maintaining reliable and up-to-date record of land transactions and settling disputes through Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms.

Results show that in areas where Customary Land Secretariats have been established, there is now credible data on land grants for use by investors. There is also a reduction in the number of disputes contrary to belief and that CLSs are making strides in public education and sensitization of the rural folks.

The work makes a number of recommendations that will enable developing economies to improve land management at the local level. E.g., The work buttresses the call for a system of monitoring of CLSs by CSOs based at the local level to check and expose abuse by traditional leaders in their role as trustees of the land. Overall, the work points to the fact that, the Ghanaian example provides useful lessons for other African countries seeking to improve on participatory approaches to land management at the local level.

Purpose – This study examined the sources of construction data, the methods of data acquisition and storage, and the factors that influence data management practices among construction professionals in South Africa with a view to establishing their preparedness for Industry 4.0 technologies.

Design/Methodology/Approach - The study sampled the construction professionals registered with the South African Council for the Project and Construction Management Professions (SACPCMP). A closed-ended questionnaire was administered using an online survey tool. The data collected from a total of 134 responses were analysed using mean scores, standard deviations, one-sample t-test, and principal component analysis.

Findings – The results showed that the main sources of construction data are: firms' databases, networking with professional colleagues, and employees’ personal records, with mean values of 4.19, 3.51, and 3.40 respectively. Also, findings revealed that data are stored mainly via electronic databases (mean = 4.33) and paper/manual records (mean = 3.94). The PCA result showed that project characteristics/industry/organizational idiosyncrasies and level of standardization/ICT tools/skills were the major factors influencing data management practices. While these two components have variances of 35.876% and 29.540% respectively, the two cumulatively explained 65.417% of the total variance. The study concluded that data management has become an important part of the construction professional’s role

Originality/value – With the increasing integration of Industry 4.0 into construction practices, and the important roles of construction professionals in data sharing and assemblage, the paper highlights the need for conscious efforts toward ensuring good data management practices.

All decisions in a property valuation—such as the valuation method, the choice of data and the application of valuation parameters—are made by humans and are therefore subject to human decision-making characteristics such as cognitive biases. These have a significant impact on the accuracy and overall quality of property valuations, as numerous studies have shown. However, the results of this research have not yet found their way into valuation standards or textbooks. In particular, a process description with an explicit specification of the decisions to be made is lacking. This is problematic because a bad process can lead to bad results, i.e., inaccurate values. A good process, on the other hand, creates awareness of the decision situation, helps to analyse the situation and provides guidance on the best course of action.

The overall aim of this paper is to improve the quality of property valuations by identifying and classifying the key decisions in the valuation process and proposing an improved valuation process. To achieve this goal, the authors have analysed not only the current valuation literature, but also literature from Total Quality Management and other fields. Interviews were also conducted with valuers.

This paper is a continuation of housing debates specifically on affordable housing. Based on a series of previous research work within Tanzania and in comparative housing studies across Africa, the quest for housing solution appears to assume more complexity foremost on the social construction of what housing represents. There are certainly challenges that nations are faced with in resolving housing problems despite the strong desire to resolve them. The paper inquires on these challenges in policy context, querying whether nations have failed to identify and measure the barriers against affordable housing strategies. The paper argues that land ownership is not a guarantee to affordable housing leave alone housing supply as Habitat (2021) submits. It surveys successful cases with a view of identifying potential innovative approaches in resolving the housing problem. It contends without a clear framework that supports class of 24 students, in the form of presentation, for the past two weeks for a twelve – hours session using different pedagogical methods to assess their listening, reading, visualization and demonstration skills. Based on the literature reviewed, it was revealed that the level of absorption by learners through listening, reading, ognizantion and demonstration was around 40%, 30%, 60-80% and 30% respectively. The Visual, Auditory, Kinesthic (VAK) model was used to assess the learning achieved by the learners. An exercise was administered to 24 students to test and validate the theories. It was discovered that on the question that was prepared based on the listening theory, less than 42% of students were able to retain what they had listened to and read. On the ognizantion theory, Seventy-five percent (75%) were able to remember what they had seen with their own eyes and the images presented to them. Finally, Ninety-two percent (92%) were able to remember what was demonstrated in class. When using pedagogical strategies,It is recommended that lecturers should be ognizant of the blended learning by varying the teaching styles so that to enable learners to have a higher chance of remembering what they were taught in class thus to improving academic performance.

Zimbabwe has a rich history of compulsory land acquisition, dating to the origins of colonial rule in 1890. This history is documented in policy documents, print and social media, and academic publications. However, to the researchers' knowledge for a complete history of the trajectory followed by the laws guiding expropriation and compensation from 1890 to 2022, multiple sources must be consulted. Currently, limited work (if any) does not provide a complete picture of the genesis/evolution of statutory compulsory land acquisition laws covering the entire period. Thus, the purpose of this study was to provide a complete history of compensation for expropriation in Zimbabwe while pointing out issues relative to equity and natural justice that occurred during the period under review. This paper was based on desktop research from 2018 to 2023. Documents which included statutes and government policies were obtained online from the official websites of government institutions. Systematic content analysis was adopted, and data coding was done manually based on themes derived from the data. The findings of this study supported the view that compensation for expropriation in Zimbabwe is complex and the international community can help to bring closure to the issue.

Workspace inclusivity remain critical in promoting diversity and dynamism across all sectors of the economy. Despite recent progress, gender disparities persist in the real estate sector, including education and training programmes. This study employs a quantitative research design to investigate gender diversity in real estate education at Federal Polytechnic Ede, Nigeria. The study focuses on female students' enrolment in real estate programmes from 2009 to 2022, their experiences, perceptions and career prospects. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 138 out of all the 150 female students currently enrolled in the programmes. The findings indicate that the gender structure of real estate student enrolments is inclusive. Female enrolments have steadily increased and are stable below 50 per cent over the last thirteen years. However, female students face a lack of mentorship opportunities and perceive gender discrimination and bias in the real estate industry. These factors influence female students' self-esteem, motivation, and career opportunities in the real estate industry. This paper contends that the real estate sector must become more diverse. A proactive dedication to inclusivity, mentorship and the willingness to challenge existing norms and biases in the industry is needed to enable women to pursue real estate career.

Rental housing is growing very rapidly across many cities within Sub Saharan Africa and provides a nuanced approach to curbing the dynamics of housing supply as well as landlord-tenant relations. Due to the largely informal nature of housing provision in Ghana, enforcement of the Rent Act (Act 220) has been a major challenge, especially with respect to the rent advance phenomenon. There is documented evidence on the harrowing experiences of renters in connection with the rent advance system and the need for the state to intervene to ameliorate the financial burden on tenants. The government introduced the National Rental Assistance Scheme (NRAS) in 2023 to support tenants to pay the huge financial commitments required of the rent advance, while tenants in return pay back monthly. However, the operationalization of the policy has come to question. The objective of the paper is to examine the sustainability of the NRAS, by examining the source of funding, objectives, eligibility criteria and application process. The paper argues that if the policy focus of government is to promote monthly rent payments, why does government paradoxically promote a rent advance scheme of more than one year – this is a policy inconsistency. This paper is a scholarly critique designed to bring to the fore the scheme’s shortcomings and provide relevant policy recommendations to strengthen the implementation. It builds on previous studies on rent advance in Ghana and other Africa countries.

During the 2^nd UN Habitat Assembly held in June 2023, one area of focus was Universal Access to affordable housing. There are however many factors that have made it difficult for many households both in the urban and rural areas to access adequate and affordable housing. This paper argues that housing affordability can be addressed by incorporating alternative building materials technologies (AMBTs). The main objective of this paper is to document information on the available alternative technologies that are used in the provision of housing. Secondly to monitor and evaluate the performance of these alternative building materials and technologies. Thirdly attempt to document maintenance guidelines for the materials that are commonly used.

Findings: Affordability of housing for the low-income has been a concern that has been addressed in policy and by different political administrations for many years. It is now clear from research that though income and price of finished houses were the main factors identified as major challenges earlier, the cost of material has always been a major cause of concern. Often what are called temporary materials like timber and soil blocks were not approved as permanent construction materials in Urban areas in Kenya.

The alternative building materials identified include the following, compressed stabilized earth blocks, interlocking bricks, rammed earth, straw bales – mainly from wheat traditional mud houses, fly ash bricks, rice husk ash, compressed Agricultural fiber –made from agricultural waste e.g., wheat and rice straw and recycled plastic products.

Practical Implications: The paper gives several recommendations on how governments can successfully deliver affordable housing. These include having stakeholders participate in the design and construction stage and use as much of the materials available on site. Appropriate building materials will reduce costs if the following is done: If most materials used are available on site. In some cases, costs are lowered if the owner builds most of the structure himself/herself (because most of these are labour intensive). Other ways to reduce the cost is mass production and the need to do monitoring and evaluation of the performance of AMBTs is done. Finally, maintenance manuals are prepared and given to owners and users.

The aim of this study is to investigate how Lagos state valuers leverage data to make investment decisions for their clients. The first objective of the research is to identify the appraisal process used by Valuers in their feasibility and viability assessments. A second objective is to identify the required data to facilitate and improve the valuation process.

A third objective is to determine the type of data collected by Valuers for the preparation of feasibility and viability reports, Fourth, to identify the significant challenges faced by Valuers in obtaining the required data and how they overcome these challenges in the hope of giving the client the best possible service. Finally, to conduct a content analysis of feasibility and viability reports to ensure compliance with data usage and application.

The cross-sectional study design will be used for the research. This design is suited for the study since it aims to determine prevalence of a phenomenon, situation, problem, attitude, or issue using a cross-section of the population in conjunction with the purposive sampling technique. The population and source of the structured questionnaire for this study are registered real estate professionals Estate Surveyors and Valuers in the Lagos metropolis. The data will be analyzed using tables of frequency and percentage occurrence of specific outcomes. The data for this study will come from a primary source. Previous findings have shown that data assists real estate professionals when it comes to investment decisions. It helps in analyzing and monitoring market trends, optimizing the buyer’s selection process, understanding patterns to anticipate future growth, digitalizing, and automating real estate evaluations (predicting property prices). It also helps in boosting profits and reducing overall development costs. Considering the results obtained from past studies, this study is expected to find that data usage assists Nigerian real estate industries in regard to investment decision-making.

Incorporating data analytics into real estate investment decisions can provide investors with vital tools and insights to help them manage the intricacies of the real estate market, maximise profits and align their investments with sustainability and ethical considerations. This study investigates how Lagos state valuers leverage data and data analysis approaches to make investment decisions for their clients. The first objective of the research is to identify the appraisal process used by Valuers in their feasibility and viability assessment. The second objective is to determine the type of data collected by Valuers for the preparation of feasibility and viability reports. The third is to identify the significant challenges faced by Valuers in obtaining the required data and how they overcome these challenges in the hope of giving the client the best possible service. Fourth is to examine the role of data analytics in real estate investment decisions, which includes data analysis stages, prospects, and suggested ways Vauers can implement a data-driven culture. Findings from this Study have shown that Real Estate professionals rely on data regarding investment decisions. However, many valuers have yet to explore data analytics or incorporate a data-driven culture in their organisations.

This study evaluated the performance of residential real estate investment and the causal linkages between important macroeconomic variables and real estate investment returns in Abuja and Lagos cities in Nigeria. A survey research design was employed using questionnaire to collect real estate transaction data from 2008 to 2022 from estate surveying and valuation firms in the study areas. The macroeconomic data used were retrieved from the archives of the Central Bank of Nigeria and National Bureau of Statistics. The rental and capital value data collected were used to construct rental and capital value indices using index number model and total returns on investment using holding period return model. Granger Causality test was employed to determine the causal effect of macroeconomic factors on residential real estate returns in the study areas. The finding of this study revealed among others that there was a progressive upward movement in rental and capita values of residential real estate investment in the study areas between 2008 and 2022. On the basis of total return and risk-adjusted return performances, residential real estate performed slightly better in Lagos with an average total return of 15.28% as against 15.20% in Abuja. On the other hand, Abuja performed better in terms of risk-adjusted return. Of the six macroeconomic variables analysed, only inflation rate, unemployment rate and real GDP per capita were found to have statistically significant causal effect on residential real estate investment returns in the study areas. The study recommended that whereas it is profitable for investors to invest their money in residential real estate in the study areas due to the positive rental and capital value growth potential, the government should implement economic policies that are capable of ameliorating the high rate of inflation and unemployment in the study areas.

Housing is crucial for national development as a capital product in terms of both economy and welfare. Macroeconomic policies comprise of fiscal policy, monetary policy, and exchange rate policy. These policies affect taxes, tariff, interest rate, inflation rate, employment rate and purchasing power. This study examined the effects of macroeconomic policies on housing development in Lagos State, Nigeria. The macroeconomic factors affecting housing development were incorporated into the questionnaire administered to real estate developers in Lagos State. The methods of analysis adopted were descriptive, correlation and multiple regression. The findings revealed that increase in interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate and tariff will increase cost of housing development by 10.6%, 8.5%, 13.5% and 16% respectively. In conclusion, the current macroeconomic policies should be reviewed for favourable housing development, national capital formation of employment generation, income production and economic growth in Nigeria.

This study examines REITs' risk-adjusted performance and diversification benefits in an emerging African property market (Nigeria). The data on the quarterly returns of N-REIT, the Nigerian Federal Government Bonds (FGB), and the stock market's All-Share Index (ASI) were obtained and analysed to reveal their risk-adjusted performance and diversification benefit. Two mean-variance portfolios were developed to assess N-REITs' effect in the mixed asset portfolio. While the first portfolio was unconstrained, the second was constrained to a maximum of 5%. According to the study findings, N-REIT demonstrated superior performance to the other assets. The examination of the unconstrained portfolio showed that increasing the allocation of N-REITs up to 28% had both return and risk reduction effects. An examination of the constrained portfolio showed that with an increased allocation to N-REITs from 0.00% to 0.05%, portfolio risk and return reduced from 2.78% to 2.59% and 12.49% to 10.93%, respectively. Comparing the two portfolios based on the return risk ratios, showed that including N-REIT beyond the 5% threshold might not yield optimal portfolio performance. This study can be a valuable resource for investors seeking to make well-informed investment decisions, particularly in emerging markets such as Africa.

The property valuation industry has embraced various approaches to improve accuracy and provide clients with up- to-date property market information. One such approach is the Hedonic Pricing Method (HPM), which values properties by considering how the public values neighborhood features. Despite HPM's growing influence in global South countries like Nigeria and South Africa, it has received little attention from professional valuers and researchers in Tanzania. This study emphasizes the need for valuers to understand clients' perceptions of property attributes to analyze and interpret the property market effectively. The study evaluates the awareness and adoption of HPM among professional valuers in Tanzania. Data was collected from distributed questionnaires to registered valuers, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software. The findings indicate that most practitioners in Tanzania are unaware of HPM and have not used it in practice. However, they express interest in acquiring knowledge and applying HPM to interpret property values. The study concludes that, when other requirements of understanding and adopting contemporary valuation techniques are met, adoption of HPM will be achieved which will assist in bridging the gap between theory and practice to achieve sustainable property valuation practices.

There is always a probability of occurrence of disagreement in the processes of acquisition, registration, administration, development, use, management, and disposal of real estate. The possibility that the rights of parties could be infringed or perceived to be infringed may have varied causes at each of the stages. The results of such disputes could undermine the objectives of the owners, users, developers, managers and other stakeholders in the real estate industry. Disputes put at risk the requirements for peaceful enjoyment and security of property rights. They present threats to the value of investments in real estate and escalate the costs of development.

It is important that parties and stakeholders in the real estate industry understand the mechanisms and strategies for preventing and or resolving disputes to avert these adverse onsequences. The appropriate choice and implementation of methods that are effective, efficient, just or equitable and affordable is necessary to maintain stability in the industry. The protection of relationships between the players is useful in building confidence in the markets.

Despite the general methods and approaches to dispute resolution being appreciated by professionals, the application and effectiveness in practice differs. Property being subject to National laws, regulations and policies presents diversity in suitability and permissibility for different mechanisms. The social cultural contexts present challenges that affect the acceptance and enforcement of results of the various dispute resolution mechanisms.

It is the objective of this paper to review the real estate dispute resolution mechanisms in Kenya.

The study assessed the degree to which the traditional NPV captured the risk and uncertainty inherent in real estate development projects in Lagos, Nigeria, using case studies. This was with a view to enhancing real estate investment decision making in developing countries of Africa. Two commercial real estate developments were selected as case studies for the study. Probabilistic risk analysis models (risk adjusted discount rate and certainty equivalent models) were used to assess the risk inherent in the development projects while real option analysis (Samuelson Mckean Model) was used to test the effect of flexibility on the investments (uncertainty analysis). The methodology involved first carrying out an appraisal of the case studies using the traditional NPV. Thereafter, the appraisal outcomes of the NPV analysis were compared to outcomes using contemporary models (risk and uncertainty analysis). The findings of the study showed that the contemporary models - which were not much in use in the study area - provided much more profound investment advice for clients and a much more robust basis for client decision making than the traditional NPV model. The study concluded that contemporary models deserve to be in much more use in the developing economies of Africa.

Rural land value is variegated, spanning from spiritual to economic value. Despite a diverse value perception of land by differing people, the aspect of land management remains constant. Effective rural land management continues to be a necessary and innovative stimulant of land value in the face of increasing population and competing land uses. Using document analysis, this article seeks to unravel Zimbabwe’s rural land management system and its impact on land value as an economic concept. It is the argument of this paper that the management of rural land is sporadic, asymmetrical, ineffective and inefficient to the detriment of its economic capabilities. Its valuation framework is unstructured and almost undefined. This article also shows that Zimbabwean rural land management and valuation policies have deprived the land of its potential. It further recommends a rural land management model consolidating scattered land laws and adopting international best practice recommendations.

This paper investigates how Kenyan agency played explicit and implicit role in shaping Chinese real estate investments in Nairobi. The study explores the key components of the real estate assemblage, the interactions between local agencies and Chinese companies, and the factors contributing to their convergence in housing projects.

The main argument of this research is that examining the real estate assemblage will significantly advance our understanding of the dynamics between Kenyan and Chinese actors in the real estate sector by shedding light on their interactions and the complexities of the urban landscape.

It addresses a notable gap in the literature on political geography by focusing on urban spaces in the context of Chinese investments in African countries rather than exclusively concentrating on resource-rich nations.

The methodology employed in this research entails a detailed case study of Nairobi, with a specific focus on residential areas where Chinese actors are concentrated such as Kilimani, Kileleshwa, Lavington and Kitisuru.

This research paper examines the challenges and opportunities for proptech adoption in the Nigerian real estate industry. Proptech, a convergence of property and technology, has the potential to revolutionize the way real estate businesses are conducted by enabling more efficient, quick, and cost-effective operations. However, proptech adoption in developing countries like Nigeria faces unique challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to finance, and lack of awareness and trust in modern technologies.

This study aims to explore the factors that influence the adoption and diffusion of proptech innovation in Nigeria. A descriptive survey will be used to gather data; a structured questionnaire will be distributed to real estate professionals, proptech companies, and potential users of proptech solutions in Nigeria.

The findings of this study will shed light on the current challenges facing proptech adoption in Nigeria and the opportunities it presents for the real estate industry. The results indicate that about 71% of the respondents are currently using proptech solutions; with increased efficiency, cost reduction, and better decision-making identified as the main benefits. Lack of awareness was cited as the primary reason for not adopting proptech solutions while concerns regarding data privacy and security were noted as potential risks. Factors influencing adoption include ease of use and compatibility with existing systems.

The study's significance lies in providing insights into the state of proptech adoption in Nigeria and identifying key challenges and opportunities. This information will be valuable for real estate managers, developers, investors, brokers, and technology providers, helping them make informed decisions regarding the adoption of proptech solutions. By improving operational efficiency, enhancing customer experience, and driving business growth, proptech adoption can contribute to the growth and development of the Nigerian real estate industry.

This paper focused on linking the influence of the specifics of building services orientation and space flexibility on the occupancy dynamics of Grade-B office buildings.

The paper employed a cross-sectional design, backed with qualitative and quantitative research approaches, on a sample size of 115 respondents including tenants (70), property managers/owners (40), and real estate experts (05). Data collection was through questionnaires and interview guides. Quantitative analysis was done through univariate and bivariate methods buttressed by the use of MS Excel, MS. Word and STATA version 15. The qualitative component employed thematic analysis.

The findings indicate a significant relationship between occupancy length and the sufficiency of rentable space to meet business needs. Buildings with bigger rentable spaces had higher occupancy. Lastly, the majority (82.9%) of the tenants could not customize their rentable spaces according to their needs due to restrictions from landlords and property managers, leading to their high mobility. We recommend attention to the design and layout of parking spaces commensurate to the building's capacity and local regulations and ensuring flexibility of floor plans during building designs. A well-designed building with convenient road accessibility, ample parking, attractive amenities, and tenant- focused design can better retain tenants, leading to better building performance.

Big data is noted as being useful in various business markets, including the real estate market. By making use of data analytics to obtain actionable information significant from analyzing significant quantity of data, businesses may have an advantage over rivals in the market. This paper examines the current applications of big data analytics, its potential uses, as well as potential barriers to its use in the South African real estate market. A qualitative approach was adopted to administer semi-structured interviews to big data analytics specialists in the South African real estate market. Initial results show that Proptech market is still in its infancy in general and there is limited use of big data analytics in the South African real estate market in particular. However, there are benefits to using the technology, such as more efficient and effective customer service. Major challenges include the fact that the South African market is not ready to use it since there is no clarity or lack of knowledge that correlate the levels of investments needed and the accruing benefits. Challenges related to storage systems and costs and the scarcity of skills for technologies to support big data and big data analytics also prevail.

This paper employs a CGI Index formulated from KING III and IV report to examine the link between corporate performance and quality of corporate governance (CG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) of SA-REITs listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). The CGI index is created from King III and IV. The empirical investigation using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) reveals that corporate governance (CG) practices have a positive influence on firm performances measured by (such as total share return and return on assets). The results imply CG influences the firm performance of SA-REITs. The CSR index is created from the King reports, also the MCA was used, and CSR will likely improve SA-REITs performance by 13%.

The location of commercial real estate properties within Central Business Districts (CBDs) has traditionally been considered a crucial factor in determining their Property Rental Values (PRV). Theoretical predictions in the field of real estate economics suggest that properties situated in prime spatial locations and close to amenities command higher PRV. It is however, still questionable on whether such higher PRV is a response to spatial dependence to amenities or purely a hedonic attributes effect of the property. This study examined three study wards of Kisutu, Kivukoni, and Mchafukoge within the CBD of Dar es Salaam city. Through a hedonic model analysis using questionnaire data from 180 tenants, the results suggests that tenants in these areas primarily consider PRVs based on their intuitive considerations to other buildings, rather than assessing the marginal effect brought about by spatial amenities such as ocean views, wind and open spaces. Proximity to services, particularly for business purposes, also drives tenant choices. These findings challenge the conventional understanding of spatial amenities as key determinants of PRV in the CBD, highlighting the unique dynamics of the case study areas. These findings can inform real estate developers, and policymakers in making informed decisions in property development, and investment strategies aimed at promoting sustainable and equitable development in urban areas.

The location of commercial real estate in Central Business Districts (CBDs) is crucial for determining their Property Rental Values (PRV). Real estate economics predicts that properties close to amenities in prime spatial locations command higher PRV. This study focused on three wards in the CBD of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Kisutu, Kivukoni, and Mchafukoge. Using a Hedonic model, the research analyzed data by regressing PRV per square meter on property and neighborhood characteristics, while spatial dependence was represented through a dummy variable reflecting enjoyment from spatial amenities offered by the ocean (e.g., proximity to walkable areas/beach, ocean scenic view, quality air/breeze) and proximity to open spaces like a golf playground. The regression results indicated that proximity to walkable areas/beaches and perceived air/breeze quality positively and significantly influenced PRV, leading to USD 1.798 and USD 1.043 higher rent per square meter respectively, for areas enjoying the amenities than those otherwise. However, the presence of an ocean scenic view and proximity to open spaces did not significantly affect PRV. These findings highlight the importance of spatial amenities in contributing to PRV in CBD properties, informing real estate developers, investors, and policymakers in making informed decisions on property development, investment strategies, and promoting sustainable and equitable urban development.

The tragedy of anticommons is a property-owning structure where multiple owners hold the right to exclusion of a particular asset or resource; in effect when there exist too many decision makers (multiple co-owners/ landlords) in one property, it generally leads to underutilization and reduced revenues that might accrue in rent payments. For the asset to be optimally used, permission must be secured from all co-owners. Since, each owner has the right of exclusion; in effect any owner can veto the use of the asset. The problems inherent with anticommons presents itself in different ways which can create management challenges for a property manager. The different perception and appreciation of the multiple landlords about property management coupled with the intended economic profit they individually want to realize from their interest in the property can create conflicts in how they each believe the property should be managed to optimize profit. It can further compound the problems faced in the administration of professional management duties. This research uses a case study of a commercial property with multiple landlords (co-owners) in the Central Business District of Kumasi-Ghana. Analysis of data gathered by structured questionnaires for tenants and interviews with the property manager and landlords were used. The study revealed that problems faced by property managers included micromanagement by some of the landlords, poor or no scheduled maintenance practices and low level of professionalism by property manager. It is recommended that service and administrative charge should be discussed and agreed prior to the start of tenancy to eliminate misunderstanding between parties and promote payment to contribute to routine maintenance costs. It concludes that a property manager should be skillful in meeting specific investment objectives of co-owners to ensure that the property accrues optimal returns.

Housing affordability remains a pressing challenge in numerous African countries due to rapid urbanization, population growth, and economic disparities. This study explores the multifaceted nature of affordability by considering variables such as GDP per capita, inflation rate, slum population percentage, female-headed households, unemployment rate, lending interest rate, maximum loan-to-value ratio, cheapest house price and size, and typical monthly rental. By combining and weighing these variables, a comprehensive affordability measurement is obtained. Utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the dataset's dimensionality is reduced, revealing key variables contributing to affordability.

Our preliminary results demonstrate that distinct components, encompassing socio-economic development, inequality, urbanization, labor markets, housing conditions, construction processes, and economic and business environment, influence affordability differently across countries. Understanding these factors enables policymakers to design targeted interventions such as income redistribution, slum improvement initiatives, gender-specific housing programs, employment generation measures, interest rate regulations, and housing finance accessibility policies. The findings from PCA, combined with examinations of the Gini coefficient, Human Development Index, and World Bank DBI quality index, facilitate evidence-based decision-making and the development of effective policies to enhance housing affordability and socio-economic conditions.

There is growing scholarly interest in notions of green gentrification in the global North, which explores how environmental improvement in gentrifying districts drives up real estate prices and subsequent displacement of low- income residents. Although similar processes of increasing demand for property development and its attendant displacement of urban wetlands is occurring in African cities, previous research have simply conceptualized it as wetland encroachment and not as a form of gentrification. The objective of this article is to re-conceptualize the dynamics of wetland encroachment in African cities within the broader conception of gentrification and analyze its implication for sustainable property development. Drawing on insights from extant literature on African urbanism, wetland encroachment and gentrification, we term the African variant of green gentrification as ‘wetland gentrification’. Wetland gentrification occurs when customary authorities, amid land scarcity and rising property values, alienate wetlands in urban neighbourhoods. Property development practices, typically by high-income earners and private developers, on urban wetlands lead to the displacement of the ecological resources and subsequently poor households and settlements through urban flooding. We frame wetland gentrification as tantamount to unsustainable property development because it deteriorates water quality and ecological lives, causes urban flooding, and deepens urban poverty.

Purpose: The National Assembly of the Republic of Botswana passed the 2015 Land Policy on July 16, and it was received by the country's population, notably women, with mixed feelings. The Policy's provision that "married women, widows and their children were not allowed to own land or be allocated land if their husbands were landowners" led to a general consensus that the Policy discriminated against women. Women's independence and economic rights were taken away, and this was largely criticized for fostering gender inequity.

In September 2020, Mokgweetsi Eric Masisi, the president of Botswana, changed the country's land policy to give all of its citizens, regardless of gender, an equal opportunity to own property with any tenure of their choosing. The government's commitment for gender equality in land ownership has been evidenced by the revocation of this discriminatory policy. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate the significance of autonomous female land ownership as well as the current effects of policy.

Methodology: The study's design will be based mostly on a qualitative research methodology. But in order to compare and assess the number of plots allocated to men and women since the re-enactment of the tribal land allocation policy, statistical data will also be included in the methodology. The research paper will involve secondary data collection extracted from previously reported data through a systematic review of the Botswana Land Policy, which was first enacted in 1968, along with the allocation of tribal land administered by Main Land Boards in Botswana statuses. The Kweneng Land Board, particularly the Mogoditshane sub-land boards, will be the area of concentration.

Results: In 2020, a reported backlog of land allocation was close to 700 000 nationwide with the Mogoditshane sub- land board leading the waiting with applications of over 120 000 and a waiting period for tribal land by 27 years. The study will summarize the consequences of these backlogs and how it affects women’s land allocation.

Conclusions: The theoretical findings of the research will state the extent to which women are affected by the new land policy, the allocation backlog, and whether it has been progressive in establishing women’s equality in terms of land ownership.